目录
代码
教程
学习自慕课网-使用python3.x与Django2.0.1开发的在线教育平台
三、xadmin后台管理
3.1.xadmin的安装
django2.0的安装（源码安装方式）：
https://github.com/sshwsfc/xadmin/tree/django2
把zip文件放到pip目录下，运行下面命令安装：
pip install xadmin-django2
是文件README.rst 出现了 Unicode 解码错误，这个文件是没有什么用处的，可以新建一个同名的空白文件替换掉 首先下载zip源码包：github.com/sshwsfc/xadmin 解压后，打开README.rst文件，清空里面的内容，然后保存。再压缩成zip，放到pip目录下：C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\Lib\site-packages\pip此时打开cmd进行安装：pip install xadmin-master.zip
如果上面安装提示Runtime错误：
更换安装源（使用豆瓣源）
pip install -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple xadmin-django2
安装成功后，同时也安装了很多依赖的包。
3.2.xadmin的设置
（1）新建Python Package "extra_apps",把源码xadmin文件夹放到extra_apps文件夹下面，此时目录结构如下：
（2）把extra_apps右键mark为Source Root并在settings中加入
sys.path.insert(0,os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'extra_apps'))
（3）因为我们用源码的xadmin,所以要卸载之前安装的
pip uninstall xadmin
(4)配置路由
把admin改成xadmin
# urls.pyfrom django.urls import pathimport xadminurlpatterns = [ path('xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls),] (5)注册app
把下面两个app注册到settings.py的INSTALLED_APPS中
'xadmin','crispy_forms'
(6)重新生成数据库
python manage.py makemigrationspython manage.py migrate
(7)设置成中文
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'USE_I18N = TrueUSE_L10N = TrueUSE_TZ = False
(8)创建一个管理员用户
python manage.py createsuperuser
现在就可以运行了
python manage.py runserver
访问后台：http://127.0.0.1:8000/xadmin
可以看到成功进入管理界面
datetimefield报错问题解决：
当我们点增加用户信息，会报错
可以看到报的是xadmin/widgets中第80行
def render(self, name, value, attrs=None): input_html = [ht for ht in super(AdminSplitDateTime, self).render(name, value, attrs).split('\n') if ht != ''] # return input_html return mark_safe(' %s' ' ' ' ' '%s ' % (input_html[0], _(u'Today'), input_html[1], _(u'Now'))) 上面贴出来的最后一行代码就是widgets.py的第80行代码。
可以看出这句代码是希望用“\n”把input_html里的两个标签拆开，但两个标签之间没有换行，所以没能拆分，导致报错。
input_html[1]就是报错的代码，因为input_html里只有一个元素。
解决办法：
既然“\n”不能拆分标签，那么就换一种拆分方式，使用“/><”拆分。
原代码：
input_html = [ht for ht in super(AdminSplitDateTime, self).render(name, value, attrs).split('\n') if ht != ''] 修改后代码：
input_html = [ht for ht in super(AdminSplitDateTime, self).render(name, value, attrs).split('/><') if ht != '']input_html[0] = input_html[0] + "/>"input_html[1] = "<" + input_html[1] 再运行就正常了
3.3.users app的models注册
（1）在users下面创建adminx.py,代码如下：
# users/adminx.pyimport xadminfrom .models import EmailVerifyRecord#xadmin中这里是继承object，不再是继承adminclass EmailVerifyRecordAdmin(object): passxadmin.site.register(EmailVerifyRecord,EmailVerifyRecordAdmin)
(2)完善功能，增加显示字段，搜索和过滤
修改users/adminx.py,代码如下：
# users/adminx.pyimport xadminfrom .models import EmailVerifyRecord#xadmin中这里是继承object，不再是继承adminclass EmailVerifyRecordAdmin(object): # 显示的列 list_display = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time'] # 搜索的字段，不要添加时间搜索 search_fields = ['code', 'email', 'send_type'] # 过滤 list_filter = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time']xadmin.site.register(EmailVerifyRecord,EmailVerifyRecordAdmin)
刷新后的界面：
users中Banner也注册进去
class BannerAdmin(object): list_display = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['title', 'image', 'url','index'] list_filter = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time']xadmin.site.register(Banner,BannerAdmin)
3.4.剩余app model注册
（1）course
代码如下： 注意外键
# course/adminx.pyimport xadminfrom .models import Course, Lesson, Video, CourseResource class CourseAdmin(object): '''课程''' list_display = [ 'name','desc','detail','degree','learn_times','students'] search_fields = ['name', 'desc', 'detail', 'degree', 'students'] list_filter = [ 'name','desc','detail','degree','learn_times','students'] class LessonAdmin(object): '''章节''' list_display = ['course', 'name', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['course', 'name'] #这里course__name是根据课程名称过滤 list_filter = ['course__name', 'name', 'add_time']class VideoAdmin(object): '''视频''' list_display = ['lesson', 'name', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['lesson', 'name'] list_filter = ['lesson', 'name', 'add_time']class CourseResourceAdmin(object): '''课程资源''' list_display = ['course', 'name', 'download', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['course', 'name', 'download'] list_filter = ['course__name', 'name', 'download', 'add_time']# 将管理器与model进行注册关联xadmin.site.register(Course, CourseAdmin)xadmin.site.register(Lesson, LessonAdmin)xadmin.site.register(Video, VideoAdmin)xadmin.site.register(CourseResource, CourseResourceAdmin)
（2）organizations
代码如下：
# organization/adminx.pyimport xadminfrom .models import CityDict, CourseOrg, Teacherclass CityDictAdmin(object): '''城市''' list_display = ['name', 'desc', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['name', 'desc'] list_filter = ['name', 'desc', 'add_time']class CourseOrgAdmin(object): '''机构''' list_display = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums','add_time' ] search_fields = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums'] list_filter = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums','city__name','address','add_time']class TeacherAdmin(object): '''老师''' list_display = [ 'name','org', 'work_years', 'work_company','add_time'] search_fields = ['org', 'name', 'work_years', 'work_company'] list_filter = ['org__name', 'name', 'work_years', 'work_company','click_nums', 'fav_nums', 'add_time']xadmin.site.register(CityDict, CityDictAdmin)xadmin.site.register(CourseOrg, CourseOrgAdmin)xadmin.site.register(Teacher, TeacherAdmin)
(3)operation
代码如下：
# operation/adminx.pyimport xadminfrom .models import UserAsk, UserCourse, UserMessage, CourseComments, UserFavoriteclass UserAskAdmin(object): '''用户表单我要学习''' list_display = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name'] list_filter = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name', 'add_time']#class UserCourseAdmin(object): '''用户课程学习''' list_display = ['user', 'course', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['user', 'course'] list_filter = ['user', 'course', 'add_time']class UserMessageAdmin(object): '''用户消息后台''' list_display = ['user', 'message', 'has_read', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['user', 'message', 'has_read'] list_filter = ['user', 'message', 'has_read', 'add_time']class CourseCommentsAdmin(object): '''用户评论后台''' list_display = ['user', 'course', 'comments', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['user', 'course', 'comments'] list_filter = ['user', 'course', 'comments', 'add_time']class UserFavoriteAdmin(object): '''用户收藏后台''' list_display = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type'] list_filter = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type', 'add_time']# 将后台管理器与models进行关联注册。xadmin.site.register(UserAsk, UserAskAdmin)xadmin.site.register(UserCourse, UserCourseAdmin)xadmin.site.register(UserMessage, UserMessageAdmin)xadmin.site.register(CourseComments, CourseCommentsAdmin)xadmin.site.register(UserFavorite, UserFavoriteAdmin)
全部代码：
# users/adminx.pyimport xadminfrom .models import EmailVerifyRecord,Banner#xadmin中这里是继承object，不再是继承adminclass EmailVerifyRecordAdmin(object): # 显示的列 list_display = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time'] # 搜索的字段 search_fields = ['code', 'email', 'send_type'] # 过滤 list_filter = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time']class BannerAdmin(object): list_display = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['title', 'image', 'url','index'] list_filter = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time']xadmin.site.register(EmailVerifyRecord,EmailVerifyRecordAdmin)xadmin.site.register(Banner,BannerAdmin)
# course/adminx.pyimport xadminfrom .models import Course, Lesson, Video, CourseResource# Course的admin管理器class CourseAdmin(object): '''课程''' list_display = [ 'name','desc','detail','degree','learn_times','students'] search_fields = ['name', 'desc', 'detail', 'degree', 'students'] list_filter = [ 'name','desc','detail','degree','learn_times','students']class LessonAdmin(object): '''章节''' list_display = ['course', 'name', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['course', 'name'] #这里course__name是根据课程名称过滤 list_filter = ['course__name', 'name', 'add_time']class VideoAdmin(object): '''视频''' list_display = ['lesson', 'name', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['lesson', 'name'] list_filter = ['lesson', 'name', 'add_time']class CourseResourceAdmin(object): '''课程资源''' list_display = ['course', 'name', 'download', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['course', 'name', 'download'] list_filter = ['course__name', 'name', 'download', 'add_time']# 将管理器与model进行注册关联xadmin.site.register(Course, CourseAdmin)xadmin.site.register(Lesson, LessonAdmin)xadmin.site.register(Video, VideoAdmin)xadmin.site.register(CourseResource, CourseResourceAdmin)
# organization/adminx.pyimport xadminfrom .models import CityDict, CourseOrg, Teacherclass CityDictAdmin(object): '''城市''' list_display = ['name', 'desc', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['name', 'desc'] list_filter = ['name', 'desc', 'add_time']class CourseOrgAdmin(object): '''机构''' list_display = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums','add_time' ] search_fields = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums'] list_filter = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums','city__name','address','add_time']class TeacherAdmin(object): '''老师''' list_display = [ 'name','org', 'work_years', 'work_company','add_time'] search_fields = ['org', 'name', 'work_years', 'work_company'] list_filter = ['org__name', 'name', 'work_years', 'work_company','click_nums', 'fav_nums', 'add_time']xadmin.site.register(CityDict, CityDictAdmin)xadmin.site.register(CourseOrg, CourseOrgAdmin)xadmin.site.register(Teacher, TeacherAdmin)
# operation/adminx.pyimport xadminfrom .models import UserAsk, UserCourse, UserMessage, CourseComments, UserFavoriteclass UserAskAdmin(object): '''用户表单我要学习''' list_display = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name'] list_filter = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name', 'add_time']#class UserCourseAdmin(object): '''用户课程学习''' list_display = ['user', 'course', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['user', 'course'] list_filter = ['user', 'course', 'add_time']class UserMessageAdmin(object): '''用户消息后台''' list_display = ['user', 'message', 'has_read', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['user', 'message', 'has_read'] list_filter = ['user', 'message', 'has_read', 'add_time']class CourseCommentsAdmin(object): '''用户评论后台''' list_display = ['user', 'course', 'comments', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['user', 'course', 'comments'] list_filter = ['user', 'course', 'comments', 'add_time']class UserFavoriteAdmin(object): '''用户收藏后台''' list_display = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type'] list_filter = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type', 'add_time']# 将后台管理器与models进行关联注册。xadmin.site.register(UserAsk, UserAskAdmin)xadmin.site.register(UserCourse, UserCourseAdmin)xadmin.site.register(UserMessage, UserMessageAdmin)xadmin.site.register(CourseComments, CourseCommentsAdmin)xadmin.site.register(UserFavorite, UserFavoriteAdmin)
此时项目目录结构：
运行项目，进后台管理界面如下：
3.5.xadmin的全局配置
将全局配置修改:
- 如左上角：django Xadmin。下面的我的公司
- 主题修改，app名称汉化，菜单收叠。
使用Xadmin的主题功能。
把全站的配置放在users\adminx.py中:
（1）添加主题功能
from xadmin import views# 创建xadmin的最基本管理器配置，并与view绑定class BaseSetting(object): # 开启主题功能 enable_themes = True use_bootswatch = True# 将基本配置管理与view绑定xadmin.site.register(views.BaseAdminView,BaseSetting)
没添加主题前，右上角界面
添加主题后，可以选择自己喜欢的主题
（2）全局配置
修改django admin 和下面的我的公司收起菜单
# 全局修改，固定写法class GlobalSettings(object): # 修改title site_title = 'NBA后台管理界面' # 修改footer site_footer = '科比的公司' # 收起菜单 menu_style = 'accordion'# 将title和footer信息进行注册xadmin.site.register(views.CommAdminView,GlobalSettings)
# users/adminx.pyimport xadminfrom .models import EmailVerifyRecord,Bannerfrom xadmin import views# 创建xadmin的最基本管理器配置，并与view绑定class BaseSetting(object): # 开启主题功能 enable_themes = True use_bootswatch = True# 全局修改，固定写法class GlobalSettings(object): # 修改title site_title = 'NBA后台管理界面' # 修改footer site_footer = '科比的公司' # 收起菜单 menu_style = 'accordion'#xadmin中这里是继承object，不再是继承adminclass EmailVerifyRecordAdmin(object): # 显示的列 list_display = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time'] # 搜索的字段 search_fields = ['code', 'email', 'send_type'] # 过滤 list_filter = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time']class BannerAdmin(object): list_display = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time'] search_fields = ['title', 'image', 'url','index'] list_filter = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time']xadmin.site.register(EmailVerifyRecord,EmailVerifyRecordAdmin)xadmin.site.register(Banner,BannerAdmin)# 将基本配置管理与view绑定xadmin.site.register(views.BaseAdminView,BaseSetting)# 将title和footer信息进行注册xadmin.site.register(views.CommAdminView,GlobalSettings)
再进后台的界面，如下：
（3）修改app的名字
在apps.py里面配置app的显示名称
以users/apps.py为例，其它三个同样操作
默认apps.py里面的代码
from django.apps import AppConfigclass UsersConfig(AppConfig): name = 'users'
修改后：
from django.apps import AppConfigclass UsersConfig(AppConfig): name = 'users' verbose_name = '用户'
还要在users/__init__.py中引用apps.py的配置
添加代码如下：
# users/__init__.pydefault_app_config = 'users.apps.UsersConfig'
其它三个app也同样方法改成显示中文
大功告成
四、完成登录功能
4.1.首页和登录页面的配置
（1）把html文件中index.html拷贝到templates文件夹内
前端初始文件可以去我github上面下载：https://github.com/derek-zhang123/MxOnline
（2）新建static目录用来存放静态文件
在settings.py中设置路径
STATICFILES_DIRS = ( os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'static'),)
(3)引用静态文件
使用ctrl+f查找出所有“../”， 然后ctrl+r 全部替换为“/static/”
(4)配置静态文件的url
MxOnline/urls.py中
# MxOnline/urls.pyimport xadminfrom django.urls import pathfrom django.views.generic import TemplateViewurlpatterns = [ path('xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls), path('', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='index.html'),name='index'),] (5)登录页面
把login.html拷贝到templates文件夹下
使用ctrl+f查找出所有“../”， 然后ctrl+r 全部替换为“/static/”
配置login的url
# MxOnline/urls.pyurlpatterns = [ path('xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls), path('', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='index.html'),name='index'), path('login/', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='login.html'),name='login'),] 更改index.html里面跳转到登录界面的url
原始样子
取消注释，将login.html改为“login/”
现在可以访问index页面，然后点‘’登录”,跳转到登录页面了
4.2.用户登录
（1）修改login的路由
from django.views.generic import TemplateViewfrom users import viewsurlpatterns = [ path('xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls), path('', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='index.html'),name='index'), path('login/',views.user_login,name = 'login'), #修改login路由] （2）写login的视图
from django.shortcuts import renderfrom django.contrib.auth import authenticate,logindef user_login(request): if request.method == 'POST': # 获取用户提交的用户名和密码 user_name = request.POST.get('username',None) pass_word = request.POST.get('password',None) # 成功返回user对象,失败None user = authenticate(username=user_name,password=pass_word) # 如果不是null说明验证成功 if user is not None: # 登录 login(request,user) return render(request,'index.html') else: return render(request,'login.html',{ 'msg':'用户名或密码错误'}) elif request.method == 'GET': return render(request,'login.html') (3)更改login.html
如果用户登录错误，应该有提示错误信息，下面代码：
{ { msg }}
（4）修改index.html
原始index.html的代码
我们应该做个验证，当用户已登录状态的时候，显示用户姓名和图像及其个人中心信息
如果没有登录，则显示登录和注册
更改代码如下：
（5）增加邮箱登录
让用户可以通过邮箱或者用户名都可以登录，用自定义authenticate方法
这里是继承ModelBackend类来做的验证
class ModelBackend: """ Authenticates against settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL. """ def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, **kwargs): if username is None: username = kwargs.get(UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD) try: user = UserModel._default_manager.get_by_natural_key(username) except UserModel.DoesNotExist: # Run the default password hasher once to reduce the timing # difference between an existing and a nonexistent user (#20760). UserModel().set_password(password) else: if user.check_password(password) and self.user_can_authenticate(user): return user def user_can_authenticate(self, user): """ Reject users with is_active=False. Custom user models that don't have that attribute are allowed. """ is_active = getattr(user, 'is_active', None) return is_active or is_active is None def _get_user_permissions(self, user_obj): return user_obj.user_permissions.all() def _get_group_permissions(self, user_obj): user_groups_field = get_user_model()._meta.get_field('groups') user_groups_query = 'group__%s' % user_groups_field.related_query_name() return Permission.objects.filter(**{user_groups_query: user_obj}) def _get_permissions(self, user_obj, obj, from_name): """ Return the permissions of `user_obj` from `from_name`. `from_name` can be either "group" or "user" to return permissions from `_get_group_permissions` or `_get_user_permissions` respectively. """ if not user_obj.is_active or user_obj.is_anonymous or obj is not None: return set() perm_cache_name = '_%s_perm_cache' % from_name if not hasattr(user_obj, perm_cache_name): if user_obj.is_superuser: perms = Permission.objects.all() else: perms = getattr(self, '_get_%s_permissions' % from_name)(user_obj) perms = perms.values_list('content_type__app_label', 'codename').order_by() setattr(user_obj, perm_cache_name, { "%s.%s" % (ct, name) for ct, name in perms}) return getattr(user_obj, perm_cache_name) def get_user_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None): """ Return a set of permission strings the user `user_obj` has from their `user_permissions`. """ return self._get_permissions(user_obj, obj, 'user') def get_group_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None): """ Return a set of permission strings the user `user_obj` has from the groups they belong. """ return self._get_permissions(user_obj, obj, 'group') def get_all_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None): if not user_obj.is_active or user_obj.is_anonymous or obj is not None: return set() if not hasattr(user_obj, '_perm_cache'): user_obj._perm_cache = set() user_obj._perm_cache.update(self.get_user_permissions(user_obj)) user_obj._perm_cache.update(self.get_group_permissions(user_obj)) return user_obj._perm_cache def has_perm(self, user_obj, perm, obj=None): if not user_obj.is_active: return False return perm in self.get_all_permissions(user_obj, obj) def has_module_perms(self, user_obj, app_label): """ Return True if user_obj has any permissions in the given app_label. """ if not user_obj.is_active: return False for perm in self.get_all_permissions(user_obj): if perm[:perm.index('.')] == app_label: return True return False def get_user(self, user_id): try: user = UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=user_id) except UserModel.DoesNotExist: return None return user if self.user_can_authenticate(user) else None from django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackendfrom .models import UserProfilefrom django.db.models import Q#邮箱和用户名都可以登录# 基础ModelBackend类，因为它有authenticate方法class CustomBackend(ModelBackend): def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, **kwargs): try: # 不希望用户存在两个，get只能有一个。两个是get失败的一种原因 Q为使用并集查询 user = UserProfile.objects.get(Q(username=username)|Q(email=username)) # django的后台中密码加密：所以不能password==password # UserProfile继承的AbstractUser中有def check_password(self, raw_password): if user.check_password(password): return user except Exception as e: return None
# users/views.pyfrom django.shortcuts import renderfrom django.contrib.auth import authenticate,loginfrom django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackendfrom .models import UserProfilefrom django.db.models import Q#邮箱和用户名都可以登录# 基础ModelBackend类，因为它有authenticate方法class CustomBackend(ModelBackend): def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, **kwargs): try: # 不希望用户存在两个，get只能有一个。两个是get失败的一种原因 Q为使用并集查询 user = UserProfile.objects.get(Q(username=username)|Q(email=username)) # django的后台中密码加密：所以不能password==password # UserProfile继承的AbstractUser中有def check_password(self, raw_password): if user.check_password(password): return user except Exception as e: return Nonedef user_login(request): if request.method == 'POST': # 获取用户提交的用户名和密码 user_name = request.POST.get('username',None) pass_word = request.POST.get('password',None) # 成功返回user对象,失败None user = authenticate(username=user_name,password=pass_word) # 如果不是null说明验证成功 if user is not None: # 登录 login(request,user) return render(request,'index.html') else: return render(request,'login.html',{ 'msg':'用户名或密码错误'}) elif request.method == 'GET': return render(request,'login.html') MxOnline/settings.py添加如下代码：
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = ( 'users.views.CustomBackend',)
然后通过邮箱也可以实现登录了
4.3.用form实现登录
（1）把前面views中的user_login()函数改成基于类的形式
from django.views.generic.base import Viewclass LoginView(View): def get(self,request): return render(request, 'login.html') def post(self,request): # 获取用户提交的用户名和密码 user_name = request.POST.get('username', None) pass_word = request.POST.get('password', None) # 成功返回user对象,失败None user = authenticate(username=user_name, password=pass_word) # 如果不是null说明验证成功 if user is not None: # 登录 login(request, user) return render(request, 'index.html') else: return render(request, 'login.html', { 'msg': '用户名或密码错误'}) 继承的View类
class View: """ Intentionally simple parent class for all views. Only implements dispatch-by-method and simple sanity checking. """ http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace'] def __init__(self, **kwargs): """ Constructor. Called in the URLconf; can contain helpful extra keyword arguments, and other things. """ # Go through keyword arguments, and either save their values to our # instance, or raise an error. for key, value in kwargs.items(): setattr(self, key, value) @classonlymethod def as_view(cls, **initkwargs): """Main entry point for a request-response process.""" for key in initkwargs: if key in cls.http_method_names: raise TypeError("You tried to pass in the %s method name as a " "keyword argument to %s(). Don't do that." % (key, cls.__name__)) if not hasattr(cls, key): raise TypeError("%s() received an invalid keyword %r. as_view " "only accepts arguments that are already " "attributes of the class." % (cls.__name__, key)) def view(request, *args, **kwargs): self = cls(**initkwargs) if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'): self.head = self.get self.request = request self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) view.view_class = cls view.view_initkwargs = initkwargs # take name and docstring from class update_wrapper(view, cls, updated=()) # and possible attributes set by decorators # like csrf_exempt from dispatch update_wrapper(view, cls.dispatch, assigned=()) return view def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # Try to dispatch to the right method; if a method doesn't exist, # defer to the error handler. Also defer to the error handler if the # request method isn't on the approved list. if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names: handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed) else: handler = self.http_method_not_allowed return handler(request, *args, **kwargs) def http_method_not_allowed(self, request, *args, **kwargs): logger.warning( 'Method Not Allowed (%s): %s', request.method, request.path, extra={ 'status_code': 405, 'request': request} ) return HttpResponseNotAllowed(self._allowed_methods()) def options(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """Handle responding to requests for the OPTIONS HTTP verb.""" response = HttpResponse() response['Allow'] = ', '.join(self._allowed_methods()) response['Content-Length'] = '0' return response def _allowed_methods(self): return [m.upper() for m in self.http_method_names if hasattr(self, m)] 基于类的urls配置
from users.views import LoginView path('login/',LoginView.as_view(),name = 'login'), （2）users下新建form.py文件
代码如下：
# users/forms.pyfrom django import forms# 登录表单验证class LoginForm(forms.Form): # 用户名密码不能为空 username = forms.CharField(required=True) password = forms.CharField(required=True,min_length=5)
（3）定义好forms后利用它来做验证，并完善错误提示信息
from .forms import LoginFormclass LoginView(View): def get(self,request): return render(request, 'login.html') def post(self,request): # 实例化 login_form = LoginForm(request.POST) if login_form.is_valid(): # 获取用户提交的用户名和密码 user_name = request.POST.get('username', None) pass_word = request.POST.get('password', None) # 成功返回user对象,失败None user = authenticate(username=user_name, password=pass_word) # 如果不是null说明验证成功 if user is not None: # 登录 login(request, user) return render(request, 'index.html') # 只有当用户名或密码不存在时，才返回错误信息到前端 else: return render(request, 'login.html', { 'msg': '用户名或密码错误','login_form':login_form}) # form.is_valid（）已经判断不合法了，所以这里不需要再返回错误信息到前端了 else: return render(request,'login.html',{ 'login_form':login_form}) # users/views.pyfrom django.shortcuts import renderfrom django.contrib.auth import authenticate,loginfrom django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackendfrom .models import UserProfilefrom django.db.models import Qfrom django.views.generic.base import Viewfrom .forms import LoginForm#邮箱和用户名都可以登录# 基础ModelBackend类，因为它有authenticate方法class CustomBackend(ModelBackend): def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, **kwargs): try: # 不希望用户存在两个，get只能有一个。两个是get失败的一种原因 Q为使用并集查询 user = UserProfile.objects.get(Q(username=username)|Q(email=username)) # django的后台中密码加密：所以不能password==password # UserProfile继承的AbstractUser中有def check_password(self, raw_password): if user.check_password(password): return user except Exception as e: return Noneclass LoginView(View): def get(self,request): return render(request, 'login.html') def post(self,request): # 实例化 login_form = LoginForm(request.POST) if login_form.is_valid(): # 获取用户提交的用户名和密码 user_name = request.POST.get('username', None) pass_word = request.POST.get('password', None) # 成功返回user对象,失败None user = authenticate(username=user_name, password=pass_word) # 如果不是null说明验证成功 if user is not None: # 登录 login(request, user) return render(request, 'index.html') # 只有当用户名或密码不存在时，才返回错误信息到前端 else: return render(request, 'login.html', { 'msg': '用户名或密码错误','login_form':login_form}) # form.is_valid（）已经判断不合法了，所以这里不需要再返回错误信息到前端了 else: return render(request,'login.html',{ 'login_form':login_form}) （4）完善login.html的错误提示信息
{% for key,error in login_form.errors.items %} { { error }} {% endfor %} { { msg }}
主要修改两处
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显示效果，当不输入用户名，密码小与五位数的时候的提示信息如下：
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